RE: T-34A/B/C? And T-34/57? And ZIS-30 57mm SPG?
Craig, your friend does not understand that a mm-by-mm comparison is not particularly definitive, just very important. While the armor is (no pun) a pretty solid number, gun penetration is somewhat less so. The gun penetration is calculated and tested at proving grounds, different report often have slightly numbers (sometimes more than slightly). Once outside, it could go up or down a little, again. After that there is the angle of the shot, quality of the round, and the integrity of the armor. All that assumes that the shot hits on the armor, very good odds of that, but not always certain. All this creates a range pro possible outcomes. Good armor (and armor configuration) skew it potential in the tank's favor. Larger caliber, good quality alloys, and so on move potential outcomes toward the gun.
With gun-rating performance vs. armor measurement, the tigers are invulnerable. The vast variabilities on the battlefield meant they are very tough, but not invulnerable, and the Russian have a lot of tanks, thus a lot of shots. German tankers, and their trainers, understood this. That is why Tiger crews, and to a lesser extent other panzer, would approach the enemy obliquely to maximize their armor effectiveness.
... More and more, people around the world are coming to realize that the world is flat!
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